The influence of common tea preparation procedures (temperature, infusion time, consumption time interval and tea bag/loose-leaf) and the type of water used, on the total phenolic content (TPC), the radical scavenging activity and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were assessed. Higher TPC and antioxidant activity were obtained when using lower mineralized waters. Tea bags also evidenced higher antioxidant activity than loose-leaf samples. Under the same conditions (90 ºC and five minutes of infusion time) green tea contains almost twice the quantity of polyphenols and the free radical scavenging ability of black tea. In the α-glucosidase assay all infusions were active (97-100 %). Furthermore, HPLC allowed to identify some of the polyphenols present in both teas and to monitor their composition change with time. After twenty-four hours, the antioxidant activity was maintained without significant changes, but a small decrease in enzyme inhibition was observed, although this activity was still very high.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a organização da produção carnavalesca de uma escola de samba no que diz respeito à busca pelo equilíbrio entre luxo e escassez de recursos. Utilizamos como referencial teórico a epistemologia da prática de Schatzki. Realizamos um estudo qualitativo, triangulando observações participantes com entrevistas em profundidade e pesquisa documental. A demanda por luxo nos desfiles faz com que a prática de reutilização de materiais seja incorporada na produção carnavalesca. Mostramos evidências de que o equilíbrio entre luxo e escassez de recursos ocorre por meio daquilo que denominamos de entendimentos materiais, elemento central no processo criativo. Esses entendimentos são produzidos a partir da interação dos atores com um conjunto de arranjos materiais, por meio dos quais o processo criativo acontece. Destacamos ainda que eles podem se transformar ao longo da produção carnavalesca, à medida que os praticantes buscam soluções para problemas emergentes.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the organization of the carnival production of a samba school. Specifically, we investigate the effort to balance the demand for luxury and the scarcity of resources. To understand these phenomena, we use Schatzki's epistemology of practice. This is a qualitative research that resorts to participant observation, in-depth interviews and documentary research. The findings revealed that the practice of material reuse is incorporated in the carnival production. We show evidence that the balance between luxury and the scarcity of resources occurs through what we call material understandings, a central element in the creative process. These understandings are produced from the interaction of the actors with a set of material arrangements, through which the creative process takes place. We also emphasize that they can be transformed throughout carnival production, as practitioners seek solutions to emerging problems.

Este estudo procurou identificar fatores que interferem no processo de alfabetização, e como foco de atenção principal, a visão do professor sobre esse processo. A amostra constitui se de 20 professores da primeira série do ciclo básico de três escolas estaduais, situadas em duas cidades do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os professores responderam a um questionário contendo quatro questões abertas. A análise dos resultados aponta a alfabetização para o professor, fundamentalmente como uma forma de aprender a escrever. Num percentual menor, adquirir conhecimentos e ler. As dificuldades para alfabetizar não estão bem definidas para o professor, mas há uma tendência que aponta para a instituição escolar, com suas salas numerosas e no conhecimento prévio trazido pelo aluno está o elemento facilitador do processo.

This study was search to identify factors which interfere with the literacy process, and was mainly focused on the teacher's view of this process. The sample consisted of twenty first year's elementary school teachers from three public schools in two country cites of São Paulo State. The teachers answered a questionnaire of four open questions. The analysis of the results showed that, for the teachers, the literacy is basically, a way of learning to write. In smaller percentage, acquiring knowledge and read. The difficulties in the literacy process aren't clear to the teachers, but there is a tendency in appoint to the school institutions, whith our full classes, but the student previous knowledge eases the literacy process.